April 1

April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 274 days remaining until the end of the year. April 1 is most notable in the Western world for being April Fools' Day.

Events

• 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
• 1293 – Robert Winchelsey leaves England for Rome, to be consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury.
• 1318 – Berwick-upon-Tweed is captured by the Scottish from the English.
• 1340 – Niels Ebbesen kills Gerhard III of Holstein in his bedroom, ending the 1332-1340 interregnum in Denmark.
• 1572 – In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Spaniards, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.
• 1789 – In New York City, the United States House of Representatives holds its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first House Speaker.
• 1826 – Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.
• 1833 – The Convention of 1833, a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas to help draft a series of petitions to the Mexican government, begins in San Felipe de Austin
• 1854 – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words.
• 1865 – American Civil War: Battle of Five Forks – In Siege of Petersburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.
• 1867 – Singapore becomes a British crown colony.
• 1871 – The first stage of the Brill Tramway opened.
• 1873 – The British steamer RMS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547.
• 1887 – Mumbai Fire Brigade is established.
• 1891 – The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago, Illinois.
• 1893 – The rank of Chief Petty Officer in the United States Navy is established.
• 1908 – The Territorial Force (renamed Territorial Army in 1920) is formed as a volunteer reserve component of the British Army.
• 1918 – The Royal Air Force is created by the merger of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service.
• 1924 – Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in jail for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch". However, he spends only nine months in jail, during which he writes Mein Kampf.
• 1924 – The Royal Canadian Air Force is formed.
• 1933 – The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, ushering in a series of anti-Semitic acts.
• 1933 – English cricketer Wally Hammond set a record for the highest individual Test innings of 336 not out, during a Test match against New Zealand.
• 1936 – Orissa formerly known as Kalinga or Utkal becomes a state in India.
• 1937 – Aden becomes a British crown colony.
• 1939 – Generalísimo Francisco Franco of the Spanish State announces the end of the Spanish Civil War, when the last of the Republican forces surrender.
• 1941 – The Blockade Runner Badge for the German navy is instituted.
• 1944 – Navigation errors lead to an accidental American bombing of the Swiss city of Schaffhausen.
• 1945 – World War II: Operation Iceberg – United States troops land on Okinawa in the last campaign of the war.
• 1946 – Aleutian Island earthquake: A 7.8 magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands creates a tsunami that strikes the Hawaiian Islands killing 159, mostly in Hilo.
• 1946 – Formation of the Malayan Union.
• 1948 – Cold War: Berlin Airlift – Military forces, under direction of the Russian-controlled government in East Germany, set-up a land blockade of West Berlin. * 1948 – Faroe Islands receive autonomy from Denmark.
• 1949 – Chinese Civil War: The Communist Party of China holds unsuccessful peace talks with the Kuomintang in Beijing, after three years of fighting.
• 1949 – The Canadian government repeals Japanese Canadian internment after seven years.
• 1949 – The twenty-six counties of the Irish Free State become the Republic of Ireland.
• 1954 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the creation of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado.
• 1955 – The EOKA rebellion against The British Empire begins in Cyprus, with the goal of obtaining the desired unification ("enosis") with Greece.
• 1957 – The BBC broadcasts the spaghetti tree hoax on its current affairs programme Panorama.
• 1967 – The United States Department of Transportation begins operation.
• 1969 – The Hawker Siddeley Harrier enters service with the Royal Air Force.
• 1970 – President Richard Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, requiring the Surgeon General's warnings on tobacco products and banning cigarette advertisements on television and radio in the United States, starting on January 1, 1971.
• 1973 – Project Tiger, a tiger conservation project, is launched in the Corbett National Park, India.
• 1974 – In the United Kingdom, the Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties come into being.
• 1976 – Apple Inc. is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
• 1976 – Conrail takes over operations from six bankrupt railroads in the Northeastern U.S..
• 1976 – The Jovian-Plutonian gravitational effect hoax is first reported by British astronomer Patrick Moore.
• 1978 – The Philippine College of Commerce, through a presidential decree, becomes the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.
• 1979 – Iran becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98% vote, officially overthrowing the Shah.
• 1981 – Daylight saving time is introduced in the USSR.
• 1989 – Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax, the Community Charge (commonly known as the "poll tax"), is introduced in Scotland.
• 1992 – Start of the Bosnian war.
• 1996 – The Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia is created.
• 1997 – Comet Hale-Bopp is seen passing over perihelion.
• 1999 – Nunavut is established as a Canadian territory carved out of the eastern part of the Northwest Territories.
• 2001 – An EP-3E United States Navy surveillance aircraft collides with a Chinese People's Liberation Army Shenyang J-8 fighter jet. The Navy crew makes an emergency landing in Hainan, People's Republic of China and is detained.
• 2001 – Former President of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević surrenders to police special forces, to be tried on war crimes charges.
• 2001 – Same-sex marriage becomes legal in the Netherlands, the first country to allow it.
• 2006 – The Serious Organised Crime Agency, dubbed the "British FBI", is created in the United Kingdom.
• 2009 – Croatia and Albania join NATO

Births

• 1220 – Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (d. 1272)
• 1543 – François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières, Constable of France (d. 1626)
• 1578 – William Harvey, English physician (d. 1657)
• 1610 – Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier (d. 1703)
• 1640 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (d. 1697)
• 1647 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (d. 1680)
• 1697 – Antoine François Prévost, French author and novelist (d. 1763)
• 1753 – Joseph de Maistre, French diplomat and writer (d. 1821)
• 1765 – Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver (d. 1810)
• 1776 – Sophie Germain, French mathematician (d. 1831)
• 1809 – Nikolai Gogol, Ukrainian-born Russian writer (d. 1852)
• 1815 – Otto von Bismarck, 1st Chancellor of Germany (d. 1898)
• 1815 – Edward Clark, Governor of Texas (d. 1880)
• 1834 – Big Jim Fisk, American entrepreneur (d. 1872)
• 1854 – Bill Traylor, American artist (d. 1949)
• 1856 – Acacio Gabriel Viegas, Indian physician (d. 1933)
• 1865 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1929)
• 1866 – Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist and composer (d. 1924)
• 1868 – Edmond Rostand, French dramatist (d. 1918)
• 1873 – Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian composer, pianist, and conductor (d. 1943)
• 1874 – Ernest William Barnes, English mathematician and theologian (d. 1953)
• 1875 – Edgar Wallace, English writer (d. 1932)
• 1880 – Agha Petros, Assyrian general (d. 1932)
• 1882 – Paul Anspach, Belgian Olympic champion fencer (d. 1991)
• 1883 – Lon Chaney, Sr., American actor (d. 1930)
• 1884 – Laurette Taylor, American stage actress (d. 1946)
• 1885 – Wallace Beery, American actor (d. 1949)
• 1889 – Keshava Baliram Hedgewar, Indian patriot and founder of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (d. June 21, 1940)
• 1893 – Cicely Courtneidge, English actress and comedian (d. 1980)
• 1895 – Alberta Hunter, American singer (d. 1984)
• 1897 – Nita Naldi, American actress (d. 1961)
• 1898 – William James Sidis, American genius (d. 1944)
• 1899 – Gustavs Celmins, Latvian politician (d. 1968)
• 1901 – Whittaker Chambers, American writer, editor, and defector (d. 1961)
• 1902 – Maria Polydouri, Greek poet (d. 1930)
• 1906 – Aleksandr Yakovlev, Russian engineer and aeroplane designer (d. 1989)
• 1908 – Abraham Maslow, American psychologist (d. 1970)
• 1909 – Eddy Duchin, American popular pianist & bandleader (d. 1951)
• 1911 – Fauja Singh, Indian athlete.
• 1914 – Lor Tok, Thai comedian and actor (d. 2002)
• 1915 – Otto Wilhelm Fischer, Austrian actor (d. 2004)
• 1917 – Melville Shavelson, American film director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2007)
• 1919 – Joseph Murray, American surgeon, Nobel laureate
• 1920 – Toshirō Mifune, Japanese actor (d. 1997)
• 1921 – Ken Reardon, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2008)
• 1922 – William Manchester, American historian (d. 2004)
• 1924 – Brendan Byrne, Governor of New Jersey
• 1924 – Miodrag Petrović, Serbian actor (d. 2003)
• 1926 – Charles Bressler, American tenor
• 1926 – John Scott Martin, English actor (d. 2009)
• 1926 – Anne McCaffrey, American author
• 1927 – Peter Cundall, Australian horticulturist and television presenter
• 1927 – Walter Bahr, American soccer player on the 1950 FIFA World Cup team
• 1927 – Amos Milburn, American pianist (d. 1980)
• 1928 – George Grizzard, American actor (d. 2007)
• 1929 – Milan Kundera, Czech-born writer
• 1929 – Payut Ngaokrachang, Thai animator (d. 2010)
• 1929 – Jane Powell, American dancer, actress, and singer
• 1929 – Bo Schembechler, American football coach (d. 2006)
• 1930 – Grace Lee Whitney, American actress
• 1931 – Rolf Hochhuth, German writer
• 1931 – Ita Ever, Estonian actress
• 1932 – Gordon Jump, American actor (d. 2003)
• 1932 – Debbie Reynolds, American actress
• 1933 – Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist, Nobel laureate
• 1933 – Dan Flavin, American artist (d. 1996)
• 1934 – Don Hastings, American actor
• 1934 – Rod Kanehl, American baseball player (d. 2004)
• 1934 – Vladimir Posner, Russian journalist
• 1935 – Larry McDonald, American politician (d. 1983)
• 1936 – Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, Swiss politician, president of the Confederation in 1989 and 1996 (d. 1998)
• 1938 – Ali MacGraw, American actress
• 1938 – John Quade, American actor (d. 2009)
• 1939 – Phil Niekro, American baseball player
• 1939 – Rudolph Isley, American singer
• 1940 – Wangari Maathai, Kenyan environmentalist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
• 1941 – Ajit Wadekar, Indian Cricketer
• 1942 – Samuel R. Delany, American author
• 1942 – Annie Nightingale, British disc jockey
• 1944 – Rusty Staub, American baseball player
• 1945 – John Barbata, American drummer
• 1946 – Nikitas Kaklamanis, Greek politician, Mayor of Athens
• 1946 – Ronnie Lane, English musician (d. 1997)
• 1946 – Arrigo Sacchi, Italian football coach
• 1947 – Alain Connes, French mathematician
• 1947 – Robin Scott, English singer
• 1947 – Norm Van Lier, American basketball player (d. 2009)
• 1948 – Jimmy Cliff, Jamaican musician
• 1949 – Gérard Mestrallet, French businessman
• 1949 – Sammy Nelson, Northern Irish footballer
• 1949 – Gil Scott-Heron, American musician and composer
• 1950 – Samuel Alito, U.S. Supreme Court Justice
• 1950 – Loris Kessel, Swiss racing driver (d. 2010)
• 1951 – John Philip Abizaid, U.S. Army General, former CENTCOM commander
• 1952 – Annette O'Toole, American actress
• 1952 – Bernard Stiegler, French philosopher
• 1953 – Barry Sonnenfeld, producer and director
• 1954 – Jeff Porcaro, American drummer (d. 1992)
• 1955 – Humayun Akhtar Khan, Pakistani statesman
• 1955 – Terry Nichols, American mass murderer
• 1957 – David Gower, English cricketer
• 1957 – Denise Nickerson, American actress
• 1958 – D. Boon, American musician (d. 1985)
• 1960 – Michael Praed, British actor
• 1961 – Susan Boyle, Scottish singer and Britain's Got Talent contestant
• 1962 – Samboy Lim, Filipino basketball player
• 1962 – Phillip Schofield, British television presenter
• 1962 – Dave Ulliott, English poker player
• 1964 – Erik Breukink, Dutch cyclist and manager
• 1964 – Kevin Duckworth, American basketball player (d. 2008)
• 1964 – Scott Stevens, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1965 – Tomas Alfredson, Swedish film director
• 1965 – Mark Jackson, American basketball player
• 1965 – Robert Steadman, English composer
• 1966 – Chris Evans, English disc jockey
• 1967 – Phil Demmel, American musician
• 1968 – Andreas Schnaas, German horror film director
• 1968 – Traci Lind, American actress
• 1968 – Julia Boutros, Lebanese singer
• 1969 – Fadl Shaker, Lebanese singer
• 1969 – Dean Windass, English football player
• 1970 – Sung Hi Lee, Korean-born model
• 1971 – Sonia Bisset, Cuban javelin thrower
• 1971 – Jessica Collins, American actress
• 1971 – Lachy Hulme, Australian actor and screenwriter
• 1971 – Method Man, American rapper
• 1971 – Shinji Nakano, Japanese race car driver
• 1972 – Allen and Albert Hughes, American film directors
• 1972 – Darren McCarty, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1972 – Jesse Tobias, American musician
• 1973 – Christian Finnegan, American comedian
• 1973 – Stephen Fleming, New Zealand cricketer
• 1973 – Joe Francis, American adult video producer
• 1973 – Rachel Maddow, American radio personality and political analyst
• 1973 – Kris Marshall, British actor
• 1974 – Richard Christy, American drummer
• 1974 – Beatriz Batarda, Portuguese actress
• 1974 – Hugo Benjamín Ibarra, Argentine footballer
• 1974 – Sandra Völker, German swimmer
• 1974 – China Chow, British actress
• 1975 – George Bastl, Swiss tennis player
• 1975 – John Butler, Australian singer and musician
• 1976 – David Oyelowo, English-Nigerian actor
• 1976 – Clarence Seedorf, Dutch footballer
• 1977 – Haimar Zubeldia, Spanish cyclist
• 1977 – Jon Gosselin, TV personality, known for Jon & Kate+8
• 1978 – Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (d. 2009)
• 1978 – Jean-Pierre Dumont, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1978 – Anamaria Marinca, Romanian actress
• 1978 – Etan Thomas, American basketball player
• 1978 – Miroslava Vavrinec, Swiss tennis player
• 1979 – Ivano Balić, Croatian handballer
• 1980 – Randy Orton, American professional wrestler
• 1980 – Bijou Phillips, American actress
• 1980 – Yūko Takeuchi, Japanese actress
• 1981 – Asli Bayram, Turkish German model and actress
• 1981 – Antonis Fotsis, Greek basketball player
• 1981 – Hannah Spearritt, British singer, actor and member of S Club
• 1981 – Aimee Chan, Miss Hong Kong 2006
• 1981 – Bjoern Einar Romoeren, Norwegian skijumper
• 1982 – Sam Huntington, American actor
• 1982 – Taran Killam, American comedian and actor
• 1983 – Lance Hohaia, New Zealand rugby league player
• 1983 – Matt Lanter, American actor and model
• 1983 – Ólafur Ingi Skúlason, Icelandic footballer
• 1983 – Sean Taylor, American football player (d. 2007)
• 1983 – Sergey Lazarev, Russian singer
• 1984 – Gilberto Macena, Brazilian footballer
• 1985 – Daniel Murphy, American baseball player
• 1985 – Josh Zuckerman, American actor
• 1986 – Shunichi Miyamoto, Japanese musician
• 1986 – Ireen Wüst, Dutch speed skater
• 1987 – Ding Junhui, Chinese snooker player
• 1987 – Li Ting, Chinese diver
• 1988 – Courtney McCool, American gymnast
• 1988 – Brook Lopez, American basketball player
• 1988 – Robin Lopez, American basketball player
• 1989 – Jan Blokhuijsen, Dutch speed skater
• 1989 – David N'Gog, French footballer
• 1989 – Vietoris Krisztián, German racing driver
• 1993 – Keito Okamoto, Japanese singer
• 1997 – Asa Butterfield, English actor

Deaths

• 1085 – Emperor Shenzong of China (b. 1048)
• 1132 – St. Hugues, Bishop of Grenoble (b. 1053)
• 1204 – Eleanor of Aquitaine, mother of Richard I of England and John of England (b. 1122)
• 1205 – King Amalric II of Jerusalem (b. 1145)
• 1528 – Francisco de Peñalosa, Spanish composer
• 1580 – Alonso Mudarra, Spanish composer
• 1621 – Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (b. 1577)
• 1637 – Niwa Nagashige, Japanese warlord (b. 1571)
• 1682 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bavarian Catholic archbishop (b. 1625)
• 1787 – Floyer Sydenham, English classical scholar (b. 1710)
• 1839 – Benjamin Pierce, American politician (b. 1757)
• 1865 – Giuditta Pasta, Italian soprano (b. 1797)
• 1872 – Frederick Maurice, English theologian (b. 1805)
• 1872 – William Frederick Horry, English convicted murderer (b. 1843)
• 1878 – John Corry Wilson Daly, Canadian politician (b. 1796)
• 1890 – David Wilber, American politician (b. 1820)
• 1890 – Alexander Mozhaysky, Russian aeronautical pioneer (b. 1825)
• 1897 – Jandamarra, Indigenous Australian resistance leader (b. c. 1873)
• 1914 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player (b. 1876)
• 1917 – Scott Joplin, American musician and composer (b. 1868)
• 1922 – Emperor Karl I of Austria (b. 1887)
• 1930 – Cosima Wagner, daughter of Franz Liszt and widow of Richard Wagner (b. 1837)
• 1946 – Noah Beery, American actor (b. 1882)
• 1947 – King George II of Greece (b. 1890)
• 1950 – Charles R. Drew, American physician (b. 1904)
• 1965 – Helena Rubinstein, Polish-born American cosmetics manufacturer (b. 1870)
• 1966 – Flann O'Brien, Irish humorist (b. 1911)
• 1968 – Lev Davidovich Landau, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
• 1976 – Max Ernst, German artist (b. 1891)
• 1979 – Bruno Coquatrix, French music impresario (b. 1910)
• 1979 – Barbara Luddy, American actress (b. 1908)
• 1981 – Eua Sunthornsanan, Thai composer and bandleader (b. 1910)
• 1984 – Marvin Gaye, American singer (b. 1939)
• 1985 – Douglass Wallop, American novelist and playwright (b. 1920)
• 1986 – Erik Bruhn, Danish ballet dancer, choreographer (b. 1928)
• 1988 – Jim Jordan, American actor (Fibber McGee) (b. 1896)
• 1991 – Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894)
• 1991 – Jaime Guzmán, Chilean politician (b. 1946)
• 1992 – Michael Havers, British barrister and politician (b. 1923)
• 1992 – Nigel Preston, English drummer (b. 1959)
• 1993 – Alan Kulwicki, American race car driver (b. 1954)
• 1994 – Robert Doisneau, French photographer (b. 1912)
• 1995 – Lucy Rie, American potter (b. 1902)
• 1995 – H. Adams Carter, American Alpine Club President, 10th Mountain Division trainer (b. 1914)
• 1996 – Florence Buchsbaum, French theater director (b. 1926)
• 1996 – John McSherry, American baseball umpire (b. 1944)
• 1997 – Norman Carr, British conservationist (b. 1912)
• 1998 – Gene Evans, American actor (b. 1922)
• 1998 – Rozz Williams, American musician (Christian Death) (b. 1963)
• 1999 – Jesse Stone, American record producer (b. 1901)
• 2000 – Alexander Mackenzie Stuart, Baron Mackenzie-Stuart, Scottish jurist (b. 1924)
• 2001 – Olivia Barclay, British astrologer (b. 1919)
• 2001 – Jo-Jo Moore, American baseball player (b. 1908)
• 2001 – Trinh Cong Son, Vietnamese composer (b. 1939)
• 2002 – Simo Hayha, Finnish marksman (b. 1905)
• 2002 – Gavin Pfuhl, South African cricketer (b. 1947)
• 2003 – Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong actor and singer (b. 1956)
• 2004 – Aaron Bank, American Office of Strategic Services officer and founder of the US Army Special Forces (b. 1902)
• 2004 – Carrie Snodgress, American actress (b. 1946)
• 2004 – Nilo Soruco, Bolivian songwriter (b. 1927)
• 2005 – Paul Bomani, Tanzanian politician and ambassador (b 1925)
• 2005 – Alexander Brott, Canadian violinist and composer (b. 1915)
• 2005 – Harald Juhnke, German entertainer (b. 1929)
• 2005 – Jack Keller, American songwriter (b. 1936)
• 2005 – Ioannis Kyrastas, Greek footballer and manager (b. 1952)
• 2005 – Robert Coldwell Wood, American educator (b. 1923)
• 2006 – In Tam, Cambodian politician (b. 1916)
• 2007 – Herb Carneal, American sports broadcaster (b. 1923)
• 2010 – John Forsythe, American actor (b. 1918)

Holidays and observances

• April Fools' Day or All Fools' Day
• Christian Feast Day:
  • Hugh of Grenoble
  • Melito of Sardis
  • Theodora
  • Walric, abbot of Leuconay
  • April 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Civil Service Day (Thailand)
• Earliest day on which Sizdah Be-dar can fall, while April 2 is the latest; celebrated on the thirteenth day after vernal equinox. (Iran)
• Edible Book Day
• Fossil Fools Day
• Kha b-Nisan, the Assyrian New Year (Assyrians)
• Islamic Republic Day (Iran)
• Odisha Day (Orissa, India)
• The Capture of Brielle, marked a turning point in the uprising of the Low Countries against Spain in the Eighty Years' War. (Brielle)
• The start of Miyako Odori, an annual geiko dance celebration. (Gion District, Kyoto, Japan)
• Užupis Day, celebrate the independence of Užupis.
• Veneralia, in honor of Venus. (Roman Empire)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada